Archaeological Iron and steel bibliography

Ohhh boy. As my 2015 PhD was on iron production, there’s a lot of material in my reference management software that’s related to iron and steel. I’ve culled it a little, and present it below. However if you’re specifically interested in published scientific analyses of smelting slag, I have broken that material off into a separate page to make it more accessible. And because honestly, it’s hella niche!

Ackerman, K.J. et al., 1999. A study of iron smelting at Lopanzo, Equateur Province, Zaire. Journal of Archaeological Science, 26, pp.1135–1143.

Alkaç, D. & Atalay, Ü., 2008. Kinetics of thermal decomposition of Hekimhan–Deveci siderite ore samples. International Journal of Mineral Processing, 87(3–4), pp.120–128.

Allen, J.R.L., 1988. Chemical compositional patterns in Romano-British bloomery slags from the wetlands of the Severn estuary. Historical Metallurgy, 22(2), pp.81–86.

Allen, J.R.L., 1986. Interpretation of some Romano-British smithing slag from Awre in Gloucestershire. Historical Metallurgy, 20(2), pp.97–104.

Allibert, M. et al., 1995. Slag Atlas 2nd Edition., Düsseldorf: Verlag Stahleisen GmbH.

Anazawa, Y., 1998. Changes in Japanese iron-smelting methods from an archaeological viewpoint. In Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on the Beginning of the Use on Metals and Alloys (BUMA-IV). Matsue, Shimane, Japan, pp. 21–28.

Andersson, D., 2007. Iron-working at Horslandsudde. Archaeometallurgic analyses., Rogsta Parish, Halsingland: Geoarkeologiskt Laboratorium.

Anon, 2009a. Contents of Historical Metallurgy, Volume 1 (1) to 43 (2). , Historical Metallurgy.

Anon, 2003. Institute for Archaeo-Metallurgical Studies 2003. Institute for Archaeo-Metallurgical Studies, 23.

Anon, 2004. Institute for Archaeo-Metallurgical Studies 2004. Institute for Archaeo-Metallurgical Studies, 24.

Anon, 1973. National Metallurgical Laboratory prints. Available at: http://eprints.nmlindia.org/view/year/1973.html [Accessed October 6, 2012].

Anon, 2009b. National Slag Collection, Simple Catalogue.

Bachmann, H.G., 1982. The identification of slags from archaeological sites, London: Institute of Archaeology.

Bartolotta, K.N.A. et al., 1988. Slag as evidence for early iron production in artic Norway. Acta Borealia: A Nordic Journal of Circumpolar Socieities, 5(1–2), pp.22–33.

Belford, P., 2012. Hot blast iron smelting in the early 19th century: a re-appraisal. Historical Metallurgy, 46(1), pp.32–44.

Bernus, S. & Echard, N., 1985. Metal working in the Agadez region (Niger): an ethno-archaeological approach. In Furnaces and Smelting Technology in Antiquity. Occasional Paper. London: The British Museum, pp. 71–80.

Berranger, M. & Fluzin, P., 2012. From Raw Iron to Semi-Product: Quality and Circulation of Materials During the Iron Age in France*. Archaeometry, 54(4), pp.664–684.

Bielenin, K., 1973. Slag pit type furnace in ancient Europe (Polish). Materialy Archaeologiczne, 14, pp.5–102.

Bintliff, J.L., 2004. A companion to archaeology, Wiley-Blackwell.

Birch, T., In press. A Roman mining tool: the investigation and identification of an iron object.

Birch, T., In press. Abandoned or unused? Ultra-high carbon steel and cast iron lumps from Semlach/Eisner.

Blakelock, E. et al., 2009. Slag inclusions in iron objects and the quest for provenance: an experiment and a case study. Journal of Archaeological Science, 36(8), pp.1745–1757.

Bodsworth, C. & Bell, H.B., 1972. Physical chemistry of iron and steel manufacture 2nd Edition., London: Longman.

Bramfitt, B.L. & Benscoter, A.O., 2001. Metallographer’s Guide: Irons and Steels, ASM International.

Bray, L., 2010. “Horrible, Speculative, Nasty, Dangerous”: Assessing the Value of Roman Iron. Britannia, 41, pp.175–185.

Bray, L., 2006. The archaeology of iron production: Romano-British evidence from the Exmoor region. PhD. Exeter.

Breeze, D., 1984. Demand and supply on the northern frontier. In R. Miket & C. Burgess, eds. Between and beyond the walls, essays on the prehistory and history of Northern Britain in honour of George Jobey. Edinburgh, pp. 264–86.

Brown, A., Bennett, J. & Rhodes, E., 2009. Roman mining on Exmoor: a geomorphological approach at Anstey’s Combe, Dulverton. Environmental Archaeology, 14(1), pp.50–61.

Brunton, T.F., 2005. The social organization of labor: Iron production and settlement at the Low Birker site. PhD. USA: State University of New York at Buffalo.

Buchwald, V.F., 2005. Iron and steel in ancient times, Denmark: Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab.

Buchwald, V.F. & Wivel, H., 1998. Slag Analysis as a Method for the Characterization and Provenancing of Ancient Iron Objects. Materials Characterization, 40(2), pp.73–96.

Bugayev, K. & Konovalov, Y., 1971. Iron and Steel Production, New York: Books for Buisness.

Calliari, I. et al., 2008. Slag fragments in pottery mortars from Este (Italy). In B. Cech, ed. Early iron in Europe – Prehistoric, Roman and medieval iron production. Abstractsof the International Conference in Huttenberg, Carinthia, Austria 2008. pp. 87–88.

Cantrill, T.C., Sherlock, R.L. & Dewey, H., 1919. Reports of the mineral resources of Great Britain: Vol IX – Iron ores (contd). Sundry unbedded ores of Durham, East Cumberland, North Wales, Derbshire, the Isle of Man, Bristol District and Somerset, Devon and Cornwall, London: HMSO. Available at: http://www.archive.org/stream/specialreportson09geol/specialreportson09geol_djvu.txt [Accessed April 22, 2011].

Cartwright, C., 1992. The excavation of a Romano-British iron-working site at Broadfield, Crawley, West Sussex. Sussex Archaeological Collections, 130, pp.22–59.

Cech, B., 2008a. Die Produktion von Ferrum Noricum am Hüttenberger Erzberg: die Ergebnisse der interdisziplinären Forschungen auf der Fundstelle Semlach/Eisner in den Jahren 2003-2005, ÖGA, Österreichische Gesellschaft für Archäologie.

Cech, B., 2008b. Early iron in Europe – Prehistoric, Roman and medieval iron production. Abstractsof the International Conference in Huttenberg, Carinthia, Austria 2008,

Charles, J.A., 1985. Determinative mineralogy and the origins of metallurgy. In Furnaces and Smelting Technology in Antiquity. Occasional Paper. London: The British Museum, pp. 21–28.

Charlton, M., 2006. Ironworking in Northwest Wales: an evolutionary analysis. PhD. University of London.

Charlton, M. et al., 2008. Measuring variation in iron smelting slags: an empirical evalution of group-identification procedures.

Charlton, M.F. et al., 2010. Explaining the evolution of ironmaking recipes – An example from northwest Wales. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 29(3), pp.352–367.

Childs, S.T. & Killick, D.J., 1993. Indigenous African metallurgy: nature and culture. Annual Review of Anthropology, 22, pp.317–337.

Chirikure, S., 2007. Iron production and its position in Iron Age communities of southern Africa. Journal of Social Archaeology, 7(1), pp.72–100.

Chirikure, S., 2006. New Light on Njanja Iron Working: Towards a Systematic Encounter between Ethnohistory and Archaeometallurgy. The South African Archaeological Bulletin, 61(184), pp.142–151.

Chirikure, S. & Rehren, T., 2004. Ores, furnaces, slags and Prehistoric societies: aspects of iron working in the Nyanga agricultural complex, AD 1300-1900. African Archaeological Review, 21(3), pp.135–152.

Claesen, J. et al., 2010. Discussion. In Iron and Change – the First 2000 Years. London.

Claughton, P., 2002. Exmoor Iron: a historical perspective. In Archaeology Department Seminar, Exeter University. Exeter.

Cleere, H., 1982. Industry in the Romano-British countryside. In D. Miles, ed. The Romano-British Countryside. BAR British Series. Oxford, England, pp. 123–33.

Cleere, H., 1970. Iron smelting experiments in a reconstructed Roman furnace, London: Iron and Steel Institute.

Cleere, H., 1971. Ironmaking in a Roman furnace. Britannia, 2, pp.203–217.

Cleere, H., 1978. Roman Sussex – the Weald. In P. L. Drewett, ed. Archaeology in Sussex to AD 1500. Research Report 29. London: The Council for British Archaeology.

Cleere, H., 1976. Some operating parameters for Roman ironworks. Bulletin of the Institute of Archaeology, 13, pp.233–246.

Cleere, H., 1972. The classification of early iron-smelting furnaces. Antiquaries Journal, 52(1), pp.8–23.

Cleere, H., 1981. The Iron Industry of Roman Britain. PhD. University of London.

Cleere, H., 1975. The Roman iron-industry in the Weald and its connections to the Classis Britannica. The Archaeological Journal, 131, pp.171–199.

Cleere, H. & Crossley, D.W., 1995. The iron industry of the Weald 2nd ed., Leicester University Press.

Cleere, H.F., 1983. The organisation of the iron industry in the Western Roman provinces in the Early Roman Empire, with special reference to Britain. Offa:Mitteilungen zur Urgeschichte, Frühgeschichte und Mittelalterarchäologie, 40, pp.103–14.

Cleere, H.F. & Bridgewater, N.P., 1966. The iron industry in the Roman period. Bulletin of the Historical Metallurgical Group, 1(6), pp.1–7.

Clough, R.E., 1985. The iron industry in the Iron Age and Romano-British period. In Furnaces and Smelting Technology in Antiquity. Occasional Paper. London: The British Museum, pp. 179–188.

Coghlan, H.H., 1977. Notes on Prehistoric and Early Iron in the Old World 2nd Edition., Oxford: Pitt Rivers Museum.

Coghlan, H.H., 1956. Prehistoric and early iron in the Old World, Oxford.

Condron, F., 1997. Iron production in Leicestershire, Rutland and Northamptonshire in Antiquity. Transactions of the Leicestershire Archaeological and Historical Society, 71.

Coustures, M.P. et al., 2003. The Use of Trace Element Analysis of Entrapped Slag Inclusions to Establish Ore – Bar Iron Links: Examples from Two Gallo-Roman Iron-Making Sites in France (les Martys, Montagne Noire, and Les Ferrys, Loiret)*. Archaeometry, 45(4), pp.599–613.

Craddock, P.T. et al., 2007. Early Iron Age iron-smelting debris from Rwanda and Burundi, East Africa. Historical Metallurgy, 41(1).

Craddock, P.T., 1995. Early metal mining and production, Smithsonian Institution Press.

Craddock, P.T. & Hughes, M.J., 1992. Furnaces and smelting technology in Antiquity, London: British Museum Press.

Craddock, P.T. & Lang, J., 2005. Charles Dawon’s cast-iron statuette: the authentication of iron antiquities and possible coal-smelting of iron in Roman Britain. Historical Metallurgy, 39(1), pp.32–44.

Craddock, P.T. & Meeks, N.D., 1987. Iron in ancient copper. Archaeometry, 29(2), pp.187–204.

Crew, P., 2004. Cast iron from a bloomery furnace. HMS News, 57, pp.1–2.

Crew, P., 1998. Laxton revisited: a first report on the 1998 excavations. Historical Metallurgy, 32(2), pp.49–53.

Crew, P., 2002. Magnetic mapping and dating of prehistoric and medieval iron-working sites in northwest Wales. Archaeological Prospection, 9(3), pp.163–182.

Crew, P., 1991a. The experimental production of prehistoric bar iron. Historical Metallurgy, 25, pp.21–36.

Crew, P., 2000. The influence of clay and charcoal ash on bloomery slags. In Iron in the Alps; deposits, mines and metallurgy from antiquity to the XVI century. Conference proceedings 1998. Breno, Italy: Commune di Bienno.

Crew, P., 1991b. The iron and copper slags at Baratii, Populonia. Historical Metallurgy, 25(2), pp.109–115.

Crew, P. & Charlton, M., 2007. The anatomy of a furnace…and some of its ramifications. In S. La Niece, D. Hook, & P. T. Craddock, eds. Metals and mines, studies in archaeometallurgy. London: Archetype Publications, pp. 219–225.

Curle, J., 1911. A Roman frontier post and its people; the fort of Newstead in the parish of Melrose, Glasgow.

Curtis, J.E. et al., 1979. Neo-Assyrian ironworking technology. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 123(6), pp.369–390.

Degryse, P., Schneider, J.C. & Muchez, P., 2009. Combined Pb–Sr isotopic analysis in provenancing late Roman iron raw materials in the territory of Sagalassos (SW Turkey). Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 1(3), pp.155–159.

Dieudonne-Glad, N. et al., 2001. Metallography of five flat iron bars with socket from the river Saone (France). Historical Metallurgy, 35(2), pp.67–73.

Digombe, L. et al., 1988. The Development of an Early Iron Age Prehistory in Gabon. Current Anthropology, 29(1), pp.179–184.

Dillman, P. & Balasubramaniam, R., 2001. Characterization of ancient Indian iron and entrapped slag inclusions using electron, photon and nuclear microprobes. Bulletin of Material Science, 24(3), pp.317–322.

Dillmann, P. et al., 2012. Understanding the Walloon method of iron refining: archaeological and archaeometric experiments, phase 1. Historical Metallurgy, 46(1), pp.19–31.

Dillmann, P. & L’Héritier, M., 2007. Slag inclusion analyses for studying ferrous alloys employed in French medieval buildings: supply of materials and diffusion of smelting processes. Journal of Archaeological Science, 34(11), pp.1810–1823.

Disser, A. et al., 2014. Iron reinforcements in Beauvais and Metz Cathedrals: from bloomery or finery? The use of logistic regression for differentiating smelting processes. Journal of Archaeological Science, 42, pp.315–333.

Domergue, C. et al., 2003. Un bas fourneau de petit module sur le site siderurgique romain du domaine des Forges (Les Martys, Aude, France). In T. Stollner et al., eds. Man and Mining – Mensch und Bergbau: Studies in honour of Gerd Weisgerber on occasion of his 65th birthday. Bochum, pp. 127–36.

Douglas, J., 1785. A dissertation on the antiquity of the earth: read at the Royal society, 12th May, 1785 …, G. Nicol.

Dowd, M.A. & Fairburn, N., 2005. Excavations at Farranastack, Co. Kerry: Evidence for the Use of Shaft Furnaces in Medieval Iron Production. The Journal of Irish Archaeology, 14, pp.115–121.

Dungworth, D., 2007. Heckfield, Hampshire: An examination of Middle Iron Age smelting slags, English Heritage.

Dungworth, D. & Mepham, L., 2012. Prehistoric iron smelting in London: evidence from Shooters Hill. Historical Metallurgy, 46(1), pp.1–8.

Durman, A., 2002. Iron resources and production for the Roman frontier in Pannonia. Historical Metallurgy, 36(1), pp.24–32.

Ehrenreich, R., 1996. Archaeometallurgy and the analysis of early sociotechnical systems. JOM, 48(7).

Eliyahu-Behar, A. et al., 2008. An integrated approach to reconstructing primary activities from pit deposits: iron smithing and other activities at Tel Dor under Neo-Assyrian domination. Journal of Archaeological Science, 35, pp.2895–2908.

Eliyahu-Behar, A. et al., 2013. Iron smelting and smithing in major urban centers in Israel during the Iron Age. Journal of Archaeological Science, 40(12), pp.4319–4330.

English Heritage, 2011. Pre-industrial ironworks, English Heritage.

de Faria, D.L.A. & Lopes, F.N., 2007. Heated goethite and natural hematite: Can Raman spectroscopy be used to differentiate them? Vibrational Spectroscopy, 45(2), pp.117–121.

Farquhar, R.M., Hancock, R.G.V. & Pavlish, L.A. eds., 1988. Proceedings of the 26th International Archaeometry Symposium, Toronto: The Archaeometry Laboratory.

Fell, V., 1995. Metallographic examination of Iron Age tools from Somerset. Historical Metallurgy, 29(1), pp.1–11.

Fells, S., 1983. The structure and constitution of archaeological ferrous process slags. PhD. University of Aston in Birmingham.

Feng, Z. et al., 2011. Kinetics of the thermal decomposition of Wangjiatan siderite. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Mater. Sci. Ed., 26(3), pp.523–526.

Fleming, R., 2012. Recycling in Britain after the Fall of Rome’s Metal Economy. Past & Present, 217(1), pp.3–45.

Fluzzin, P., 2000. Ponte di Val Gabbia (Bienno) Les premiers resultats des etudes metallographiques. In C. Cucini Tizzoni & M. Tizzoni, eds. Iron in the Alps: proceedings of the conferece. Breno, Italy, pp. 24–31.

Forbes, R.J., 1955. Studies in ancient technology, Vol VIII, Leiden: Brill Archive.

Ford, R.G. & Bertsch, P.M., 1999. Distinguishing between surface and bulk dehydration-dehydroxylation reactions in synthetic Goethites by high-resolution thermogravimetrc analysis. Clay and Clay Minerals, 47(3), pp.329–337.

Frankel, R., 2003. The Olynthus Mill, Its Origin, and Diffusion: Typology and Distribution. American Journal of Archaeology, 107(1), pp.1–22.

Fulford, M. et al., 2005. In defence of Rome: a metallographic investigation of Roman ferrous armour from Northern Britain. Journal of Archaeological Science, 32(2), pp.241–250.

Fulford, M. & Allen, J.R.L., 1992. Iron-making at the Chesters Villa, Woolaston, Gloucestershire: Survey and Excavation 1987-1991. Britannia, 23, pp.159–215.

Galili, E. et al., 2015. Cargoes of Iron Semi-Products Recovered from Shipwrecks off the Carmel Coast, Israel. Archaeometry, 57(3), pp.505–535.

Gassmann, G., 1998. New discoveries and excavations of early Celtic iron smelting furnaces (6th to 2nd century BC) in Germany. In Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on the Beginning of the Use on Metals and Alloys (BUMA-IV). Matsue, Shimane, Japan, pp. 59–63.

Gerrard, J., 2009. The Drapers’ Gardens Hoard: A Preliminary Account. Britannia, 40, pp.163–183.

Gibson-Hill, 1976. Further excavations at the Romano-British iron working site at Broadfields. Bulletin of the Institute of Archaeology, 13, pp.79–88.

Gibson-Hill, J., 1980. Cylindrical shaft furnaces of the early Wealden iron industry. Journal of the Metallurgical Society, 14(1), pp.21–27.

Gibson-Hill, J. et al., 1992. The excavation of a Romano-British iron working site at Broadfields, Crawley, West Sussex. Sussex Archaeological Collections, 130, pp.22–59.

Glumac, P.D. ed., 1991. Recent Trends in Archaemetallurgical Research, Pennsylvania: MASCA.

Godfrey, E. & van Nie, M., 2004. A Germanic ultrahigh carbon steel punch of the Late Roman-Iron Age. Journal of Archaeological Science, 31, pp.1117–1125.

Goldhahn, J. & Østigård, T., 2008. Smith and death – cermations in furnaces in Bronze and Iron Age Scandinavia. In K. Childis, J. Lund, & C. Prescott, eds. Facets of archaeology. Essays in honour of Lotte Hedeager on her 60th birthday. Olso Arkeologiske Series. Olso, pp. 215–241.

Gordon, R.B., 1997. Process Deduced From Ironmaking Wastes and Artefacts. Journal of Archaeological Science, 24(1), pp.9–18.

Gordon, R.B. & Killick, D.J., 1993. Adaptation of Technology to Culture and Environment: Bloomery Iron Smelting in America and Africa. Technology and Culture, 34(2), pp.243–270.

Goss, C.J., 1987. The kinetics and reaction mechanism of the goethite to haematite transformation. Mineralogical magazine, 51, pp.431–51.

Grandin, L. & Hjärthner-Holdar, E., 2008. Bloomery steel – on purpose or just an accident. New examples from Early Iron Age in Sweden. In B. Cech, ed. Early iron in Europe – Prehistoric, Roman and medieval iron production. Abstracts of the International Conference in Huttenberg, Carinthia, Austria 2008. pp. 72–4.

Greenwood, W.H., 1907. Iron and steel, their sources, varieties, properties and manufacture, Cassell and company, limited. Available at: http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/william-henry-greenwood/iron-its-sources-properties-and-manufacture-hci/page-3-iron-its-sources-properties-and-manufacture-hci.shtml [Accessed April 22, 2011].

Griffith, F.M. & Weddell, P., 1996. Ironworking in the Blackdown Hills: results of recent survey. In P. Newman, ed. The Archaeology of Mining and Metallurgy in Southwest Britain. Peak District Mines Historical Society Historical Metallurgy Special Publication, pp. 27–34.

Gualtieri, A.F. & Venturelli, P., 1999. In situ study of the goethite-hematite phase transformation by real time synchrotron powder diffraction. American Mineralogist, 84, pp.895–904.

Haaland, R., 2004a. Technology, transformation and symbolism: ethnographic perspectives on European iron working. Norwegian Archaeological Review, 37(1), p.1.

Haaland, R., 2004b. Technology, transformation and symbolism: ethnographic perspectives on European iron working. Norwegian Archaeological Review, 37(1), pp.1–19.

Haba, M., 1998. NEW EXPLANATION OF THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN IRONSTONE-SMELTING AND IRONSAND-SMELTING MECHANISMS IN THE JAPANESE PRE-MODERN PERIOD. In Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on the Beginning of the Use on Metals and Alloys (BUMA-IV). Matsue, Shimane, Japan, pp. 29–34.

Halkon, P., 1997. Fieldwork on early iron working sites in East Yorkshire. Historical Metallurgy, 31(1), pp.12–16.

Halkon, P., 2011. Iron, landscape and power in Iron Age East Yorkshire. Archaeology Journal, 168, pp.133–165.

Hanworth, R. & Tomalin, D.J., 1977. Brooklands, Weybridge: the excavation of an Iron Age and medieval site,

Haustein, M. et al., 2003. Dating archaeometallurgical slags using thermoluminescence. Archaeometry, 45(3), pp.519–530.

Hedges, R.E.M. & Salter, C.J., 1979. Source determination of iron currency bars through analysis of the slag inclusions. Archaeometry, 21(2), pp.161–175.

Heimann, R.B. et al., 2001. Mineralogical and chemical investigations of bloomery slags from prehistoric (8th century BC to 4th century AD) iron production sites in Upper and Lower Lusatia, Germany. Archaeometry, 43(2), pp.227–252.

Helmig, D., JACKWERTH, E. & HAUPTMANN, A., 1989. ARCHAEOMETALLURGICAL FIELDWORK AND THE USE OF A PORTABLE X-RAY SPECTROMETER. Archaeometry, 31(2), pp.181–191.

Hingley, R., 2006. The Deposition of Iron Objects in Britain During the Later Prehistoric and Roman Periods: Contextual Analysis and the Significance of Iron. Britannia, 37, pp.213–257.

Hodgkinson, J.S., 1999. Romano-British iron production in the Sussex and Kent Weald: a review of current data. Historical Metallurgy, 33(2), pp.68–72.

Hodgkinson, J.S., 2008. Romano-British iron production in the Weald of southeast England – some fresh perspectives. In B. Cech, ed. Early iron in Europe – Prehistoric, Roman and medieval iron production. Abstractsof the International Conference in Huttenberg, Carinthia, Austria 2008. pp. 17–18.

Hodgkinson, J.S. & Tebbutt, C.F., 1985. A fieldwork study of the Romano-British iron industry in the Weald of Southern England. In Furnaces and Smelting Technology in Antiquity. Occasional Paper. London: The British Museum, pp. 159–164.

Høst-Madsen, L. & Buchwald, V.F., 1999. The characterization and provenancing of ore, slag and iron from the Iron Age settlements at Snorup. Historical Metallurgy, 33, pp.57–67.

Humphris, J., 2010. An Archaeometallurgical Investigation of Iron Smelting Traditions in Southern Rwanda. PhD. London: University College London.

Humphris, J. et al., 2009. Variability in single smelting episodes – a pilot study using iron slag from Uganda. Journal of Archaeological Science, 36(2), pp.359–369.

Hutcheson, A.R.J., 1997. Native or Roman? Ironworking hoards in Northern Britain. In K. Meadows, C. Lemke, & J. Heron, eds. Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference, March 30-31 1996. pp. 65–72.

Huysecom, E. & Augustoni, B., 1997. Inagina: the last house of iron, Mali.

Iles, L., 2010. Reconstructing the iron production technologies of Western Uganda: reconciling archaeometallurgical and ethnographic approaches. PhD. London: University College London.

Iles, L., 2014. The exploitation of manganese-rich “ore” to smelt iron in Mwenge, western Uganda, from the mid second millennium AD. Journal of Archaeological Science, 49, pp.423–441.

Iles, L. & Martinon-Torres, M., 2009. Pastoralist iron production on the Laikipia Plateau, Kenya: wider implications for archaeometallurgical studies. Journal of Archaeological Science, 36, pp.2314–2326.

Ingo, G.M., de Caro, T. & Bultrini, G., 2004. Microchemical investigation of archaeological copper based artefacts disclosing an ancient witness of the transition from the value of the substance to the value of appearance. Microchimica Acta, 144, pp.87–95.

Jackson, D.A. et al., 1978. Excavations at Wakerley, Northants, 1972-75. Britannia, 9, pp.115–242.

Jackson, D.A., 1979. Roman ironworking at Bulwick and Gretton. Northants Archaeology, 14, pp.31–37.

Jackson, D.A. & Tylecote, R.F., 1988. Two new Romano-British iron-working sites in Northamptonshire – A new type of furnace? Britannia, 19, pp.275–298.

Jackson, R. ed., 2012. Ariconium, Herefordshire: An Iron Age Settlement and Romano-British “Small Town,” Oxford: Oxbow Books.

Jacobi, G., 1974. Werkzeug und Gerat aus dem Oppidum von Manching. In W. Kramer, ed. Die Ausgrabung in Manching. Band 5.

Jobey, G., 1962. An Iron Age homestead at West Brandon, Durham. Archaeologia Aeliana, 40, pp.1–31.
Jones, M.H., 2006. The Brendon Hills industrial survey 1993-2005. Industrial Archaeology Review, 28(2), pp.97–106.

Joosten, I., 2008. Early historical iron production in the Netherlands. In B. Cech, ed. Early iron in Europe – Prehistoric, Roman and medieval iron production. Abstractsof the International Conference in Huttenberg, Carinthia, Austria 2008. p. 31.

Joosten, I., Jansen, J.B.H. & Kars, H., 1998. Geochemistry and the past: estimation of the output of a Germanic iron production site in the Netherlands. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 62(1–3), pp.129–137.

Juleff, G., 1998. Early iron and steel in Sri Lanka: A Study of the Samanalawewa Area, Mainz: Zabern.

Juleff, G., 2009. Technology and evolution: a root and branch view of Asian iron from first-millennium bc Sri Lanka to Japanese steel. World Archaeology, 41(4), pp.557–577.

Kahanov, Y. et al., 2012. What ship? Who fired the cannonballs at the wall in Akko? An archaeometallurgical and historical study. Historical Metallurgy, 46(2), pp.98–110.

Kapilashrami, E., Sahajwalla, V. & Seetharaman, S., 2004. Slag formation during high-temperature interactions between SiO2-containing refractories and iron melts with oxygen. In VII International Conference on Molten Slags Fluxes and Salts. The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, pp. 417–422.

Kazuhiro, N., 2006. Technologies of “Tatara” Iron Making (15), Furnace Height and Reaction State in Iron Making Furnace (1). Metals Sciece & Technology, 76(9), pp.1061–1068.

Keys, L., 2012. London Gateway: Iron Age and Roman salt making in the Thames Estuary. Excavation at Stanford Wharf Nature Reserve, Essex. Specialist Report 6. Slag and high-temperature debris. In London Gateway: Iron Age and Roman salt making in the Thames Estuary. Oxford Archaeology Monograph. Oxford: Oxford Archaeology.

Killick, D. & Gordon, R.B., 1989. The mechanism of iron production in the bloomery furnace. In R. M. Farquhar, R. G. V. Hancock, & L. A. Pavlish, eds. Proceedings of the 26th International Archaeometry Symposium, held at University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, May 16th to May 20th 1988. Toronto: University of Toronto, pp. 120–123.

Killick, D.J., 2014. Questioning the relevance of “optima” in slag phase diagrams. Jiscmail Arch-Metals.

Kiriama, H.O., 1987. Archaeo-Metallurgy of Iron Smelting Slags from a Mwitu Tradition Site in Kenya. The South African Archaeological Bulletin, 42(146), pp.125–130.

Kirov, G.N. & Ivanov, I., 1968. Crystal morphology of fayalite from copper converter slags. Kristall und Technik, 3(4), pp.637–642.

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